CIPM Intermediate I Level Syllabus 2026/2027

The CIPM Nigeria Intermediate I Level syllabus 2026/2027 focuses on core business, financial, and analytical skills essential for HR professionals. Based on the updated CIPM syllabus, it consists of five key subjects designed to advance foundational HR knowledge: Business Administration and Practices, Fundamentals of Economics, Finance for Human Resource Managers, Business Statistics and Social Research Methods, and Communication Process, Management, and Development.

The CIPM Intermediate I Level is a key stage in building a career in human resource management. It advances foundational knowledge and introduces subjects like business administration and practices, fundamentals of economics, and finance for HR managers.

This level equips students with practical skills to manage complex HR functions, understand labor laws and workplace behavior, and apply HR policies effectively. It prepares aspiring professionals for higher responsibilities and specialized roles, making it an essential step for serious HR practitioners.

Aim & Competencies

The Chartered Institute of Personnel Management (CIPM) Nigeria Intermediate I Level syllabus aims to train and certify competent professionals by equipping them with fundamental knowledge in HR, business statistics, finance, and communication. It bridges academic knowledge with professional practice, focusing on emerging HR trends to ensure graduates can add value to organizations.

This course provides a comprehensive understanding of business administration and management, covering fundamental principles and advanced topics such as corporate social responsibility (CSR), globalization, and ethics. It equips students with the knowledge and skills to address modern business challenges and succeed as effective, responsible leaders in a competitive global environment.

MAIN COMPETENCIES

By the end of the course, students will be able to:
i. Apply fundamental principles of business administration and management.
ii. Develop and implement effective CSR strategies.
iii. Identify and address ethical issues in business decisions.
iv. Formulate and evaluate competitive business strategies.
v. Demonstrate strong leadership, management, and communication skills.
vi. Use critical thinking and problem-solving skills for informed decision-making.

Syllabus For CIPM Intermediate I Level
	Level	Intermediate I
	Course Name	BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND PRACTICES
	Abbreviation	BAP
	TOPIC	BREAKDOWN
1	NATURE OF BUSINESS	i. What is business? ii. Primary objectives of a business iii. Secondary objectives of business iv. Characteristics of business v. Classification of businesses (Sized-Based, Input-Based, Activity-Based, Use-Besed, Mode of Ownership-Based, etc) vi. Different types of industries (Profit/Non-Profit, Public sector/Private sector, Industrial/Sectoral etc) vii. Organic business functions viii. Failure of business ix. Planning against business failure x. Business, society, and the law xi. Business ownership forms xii. Choice of selection of ownership form (Sole Proprietorship, Purtnership, Limited Liability companies, Cooperative Societies) xiii. Business stakeholders. xiv. Expectations of stakeholders xv. Effects of Stakeholders expectations
2	EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS	i. The development of commerce ii. Evolution of commerce iii. The industrial revolution iv. Factors that affect industrial revolution in the United Kingdom, China, Japan, and the rest of the world v. The impact of industrial revolution on business managers
3	THE ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS	i. Nature and importance of business environment ii. The general external environment elements (Business, Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Technological, International, Demographic, Customer, Climatic, Ecological, and Legal environments) iii. The task environmental elements iv. The internal environmental element
4	THE ORGANIC BUSINESS FUNCTION	i. Production – Meaning and functions of production management, – Deciding on the type of production system, – Factors influencing the choice of the production system, – Facilities/plant location, – Factors affecting facilities/plant location, – Planning the layout and design of an organisation’s facilities, – Types of facilities layout, – Factors affecting design and layout of an organisation, – Planning and controlling the production process, – Scope of production planning, – Production control, – Productivity, – Measurement of productivity, – Productivity improvement schemes, – Maintenance policies and procedures and – Types of maintenance policies and Procedures ii. Marketing – Meaning and roles of marketing, – Marketing functions. – Organization of the Marketing department, – The concept of market and market segmentation, – Methods of market segmentation, – Benefits of market segmentation, – Consumer behaviour, – Types of consumers, – Importance of consumer behaviours – Factors influencing consumer behaviour, – Marketing mix and it’s elements a) Price product, b) Place and promotion, c) Marketing research, and importance of marketing research iii. Human Resource functions in business – Meaning and functions of HRM, – Human Resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement and Induction, training and development, – Performance appraisal, – Employee compensation, – Employee welfare services and benefits – Industrial relations
5	BUSINESS ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION TOOLS	i. Meaning and nature of business analysis evaluation tools and techniques ii. Objectives and uses of business analysis/evaluation tools and techniques iii. Farms of business analysis evaluation tools and techniques iv. SWOT analysis (Analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses/external opportunities and threats) v. BPEST analysis (An analysis of external environmental factors/forces) vi. Financial analysis (An analysis of financial performance and positions)
6	FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP	i. Business enterprises (Private and public) ii. Ownership forms iii. Selection of ownership forms iv. Sole proprietorship (Meaning, Nature, Operation, Formation, Advantages and Disadvantages) v. Partnership (Mearning, Nature, Operation, Formation, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages) vi. The Corporation Limited Liability Company vii. Formation of a limited liability company viii. Forms of Limited Liability Company-Public Limited Liability Company and Prriate Limited Liability Company ix. Cooperative Society: Meaning, Nature, Operation, Formation, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages x. Public Corporation: Meaning, Nature, Operation, Formation, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages xi. Franchising, Patent, Copyrights and Licensing
7	FORMS OF BUSINESS COMBINATIONS	i. Meaning, nature, and forms of Business Combinations ii. Merger (Meaning, Nature, Forms, Advantages and Disadvantages) iii. Acquisition (Meaning, Nature, Farms, Advantages and Disadvantage) iv. Consolidation (Meaning, Nature, Forms, Advantages and Disadvantages) v. Integration: Meaning, Nature, Forms, Advantages and Disadvantages vi. Absorption (Meaning, Nature, Forms, Advantages and Disadvantages vii. Takeover (Meaning, Nature, Forms, Advantages and Disadvantages) viii. Conglomerate (Meaning, Nature, Forms, Advantages and Disadvantages ix. Joint arrangements (Meaning, Nature, Forms, Advantages and Disadvantages)
8	DOCUMENTS USED BY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS FOR REGISTRATION AND OPERATION	i. Memorandum of association ii. Article of association iii. Prospectus iv. Certificate of incorporation/registration v. Feasibilty reports/Business plans vi. Minutes of meetings vii. Schedule of non-current assets viii. Schedule of directors ix. Schedule/Register of shareholders x. Strategic business policy manual (Vision Statement, Mission statement, Goal, Employee Handbook, Operations Handbook)
9	SCALE OPERATIONS AND ECONOMY OF SCALE	i. Operation and size of firms ii. Measurement of the size of firms ie Input measurement, Output measurement, Market share measurement and Profit level measurement) iii. Determinant of the size of firms iv. Type of firms v. Types of scales and economies of scales vi. Limitations of the growth of firms vii. Economy structure theory viii.Capitalist economies (Meaning, nature, advantages and disadvantages) ix. Socialist economies (Meaning, Nature, Advantages and Disadvantages) x. Mixed economies (Meaning, Nature, Advantages and Disadvantages) xi. Choice of economy structure xii. Market structure (Meaning, Nature and Scope) xiii. Perfect markets xiv. Imperfect markets – Monopoly, Duapoly, Oligopoly, and Monopolistic competition
10	GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION	i. The role of government in business adminstration and operation ii. Government as a major stakeholder in business administration iii. Government business regulatory agencies iv. Analysis of operational efficiency of government business regulatory agencies: CAC, CEN, SEC, NOIC, SMEDAN, NASAMI, ITF, CMD, NAFDAC, DPR, AMCON, ASCON, BOI, NFIU att
11	INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION	i. Meaning, nature, and scope of International Business Administration ii. Relevant forces of International Business Administration environment iii. Business system iv. Political systems v. Economic systems vi. Socio-Cultural system vii. Technological system viii. Legal system ix. Challenges/Barriers to effective International Business Administration (Language, Exchange rates, Precautionary measures policies, Trade barrier, etc) x. Labour accounting, Environmental standards, and Standard of living xi. Foreign exchange market xii. Foreign Directives (FD) xiii. Tariffs, Taxes, Import and Export Regulations and Documentation xiv. International Trade Agreements (Meaning, nature and scope) xv. Analysis of forms of International Trade Agreement with relevant pros and cons such as Free Trade areas, custom union, common market, etc ) xvi. Models of Intemational Trade xvii. Risks management in international business trade xix. Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) and Multi-national entities (MNE)
12	BUSINESS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY	i. Meaning, nature and scope of business social responsibility ii. Areas and dimensions of corporate social responsibility iii. Arguments for and against Corporate Social Responsibility iv. Changing concept of Social Responsibility v. The Concept of Stakeholders
13	THE PROBLEM OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA	i. Requirement for business survival ii. Causes of business administration failures iii. Indicators and symptoms of business administration failures iv. Remedies or survival strategies for business administration recovery v. Planning against business failures
14	ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION	i. Ethics and Managerial ethics ii. The three major areas of managerial ethics iii. Code of ethics and professional standards iv. Ethical concerns of managers v. Ethical behaviours vi. Moral vii. Integrity viii. Corporate governance, procedures and compliance ix. New for effective corporate governance in Nigeria x. Codes of best practices on corporate governance in Nigeria xi. Compliance requirements of corporate governance xii. Sanctions in corporate governance xiii. Social audit
15	GLOBALIZATION	i. Meaning, nature, and scope of Globalization ii. Elements of globalization iii. Merits and demerits of Globalization iv. Implication of Globalisation for managers and business administrators v. Implication of Globalisation for business organisations vi. Implication of Globalisation for economy and business stakeholders vii. Global warming

Course 2 : Fundamentals of Economics

FundaFundamentals of Economics (Course 2) typically introduces microeconomic principles and macroeconomic foundations, focusing on resource allocation, market mechanisms (demand and supply), price determination, and consumer/producer behavior. It covers fundamental concepts like scarcity, opportunity cost, and the four fa.ctors of productioland, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. mentals of Economics.#

This course provides a solid foundation in both microeconomics and macroeconomics, explaining how economies function at individual and national levels. It introduces key economic concepts and their application to everyday life, business decisions, and public policy.

Students will learn how economic factors influence businesses and how to apply economic reasoning to solve real-world problems. The course also supports informed decision-making in Human Resources and other professional fields.

Fundamentals of Economics Syllabus

	Syllabus For CIPM Intermediate I Level
	Level	Intermediate I
	Course Name	FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMICS
	Abbreviation	FE
	TOPIC	BREAKDOWN
1	NATURE AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS AND HR PRACTICES	i. Nature of Economics ii. Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost iii. Scope of Economics iv. Economics is a Science v. Positive vs normative economics vi. Micro-economies vs Macro-economies vii. Economic problems in society viii. Economic systems – Capitalist economic system – Socialist economic system – Mixed economic system
2	DEMAND AND SUPPLY ANALYSIS	i. Definition of demand ii. Types of demand iii. Change in demand and change in quantity demanded iv. Determinants of demand v. Definition of supply – Types of supply vi. Change in supply and change in quality supply vii. Determination of equilibrium price, quantity and resources
3	THEORIES OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR	i. Definition ii. The ordinalist approach iii. Cardinalist approach
4	ELASTICITY CONCEPTS	i. Definition ii. Price elasticity of demand iii. Cross-elasticity of demand iv. Income elasticity of demand v. Elasticity of supply vi. Determinants of elasticity vii. Total revenue and elasticity of demand
5	THEORY OF PRODUCTION	i. Definition ii. Types of production iii. Factors of production iv. Total product, Marginal product and Average product v. Law of diminishing returns vi. Stages of production vii. Production in the long run
6	THEORY OF COST	i. Definition and nature of costs ii. Types of costs iii. Costs behaviour in the short run iv. Costs behaviour in the long run
7	THEORY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY	i. Demand – Definition, concepts and elasticity of demand – Types of demand – Determinants of demand – Change in demand and change in quantity demand ii. Supply – Types of supply – Determinants of supply – Change in supply and change in quantity supply iii. Demand, supply and equlibrium price – Price Legislation iv. Elasticity of demand and supply – Definition – Price elasticity of demand – Cross elasticity of demand – Income elasticity of demand – elasticity of supply – Determinants of elasticity
8	MARKET FAILURES	i. Meaning ii. Types of market failure iii. Public policy and market failure iv. Externalities v. Government failures
9	MARKET STRUCTURES	i. Definition ii. Analysis of revenue concepts iii. Perfect competition iv. Monopoly v. Monopolistic Compensation vi. Oligopoly
10	THEORY OF DISTRIBUTION	i. Theories of wages – Demand and supply of labour – Trade Unions – Theories of rent – Theories of interest – Transfer formings and economic rent
11	NATIONAL INCOME (NI) DETERMINATION	i. Definition ii. Methods of measuring National income iii. Circular flow of income iv. Problems of computing National Income v. Importance of National Income vi. Problems of international comparison of per capital income vii. Determination of equilibrium level of income viii. Determination of consumption function and savings function ix. The multiplier concepts x. The acceleration principle
12	FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, MONEY AND THEORY OF MONEY	i. Definition ii. Apex financial institution iii. Deposit-money banks iv. Other types of Financial institutions v. Definition of money vi. Types of money vii. Characteristics of money viii. Functions of money ix. Theory of demand of money x. Theory of supply of money xi. LM Analysis
13	INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC FINANCE	i. Definition ii. Sources of finance to Government iii. Taxation budget iv. Public debt v. Government expenditure vi. Public goods and private goods vii. Fiscal policy
14	INFLATION	i. Definition ii. Types iii. Measurment of inflation iv. Effects v. Causes of inflation vii. Control of inflation
15	UNEMPLOYMENT	i. Definition ii. Types of umemployment iii. Causes of unemployment iv. How to control unemployment v. Philip’s Curve
16	ECONOMICS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	i. Definition ii. Theories of growth iii. Why economics growth may not promote economic development iv. Features of developing economies v. Factors of economics growth vi.Features of emerging economies
17	INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENT	i. Introduction ii. International Trade iii. Internal trade Versus International Trade iii. The reasons for International Trade iv. Classical theories of International Trade v. The gains from International Trade vi. Concept of trade restriction vii. The terms of trade viii. The balance of trade ix. The balance of payment
18	THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING	i. Development planning ii. Problems of development management in Nigeria iii. National economic policies
19	STRUCTURE OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY	i. Sectors in the Nigeria economies ii. Sectorial contributions to GDP iii. Problems of sectorial development in Nigeria
20	INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS	i. The Bretton Woods Institutions ii. The World Bank iii. The IMF iv. African Development Bank v. International Development Association vi. The Group of Five vii. The Group of Seven
21	INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS WORKFORCE ENGAGEMENT	i. Introduction ii. Economic development iii. Development and work force iv. Work force engagement v. Labour productivity and economic growth

Course 3: Finance For Human Resource Managers

CIPM Course 3: Finance for Human Resource Managers (Intermediate I level) equips HR professionals with essential financial literacy to align HR strategies with business goals. It covers interpreting financial statements, budgeting, cost management, and capital expenditure analysis to demonstrate HR’s impact on organizational financial performance.

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CIPM Intermediate I – Financial Management for HR

This course equips HR professionals with the knowledge and skills to effectively manage financial resources within an organization. It focuses on key financial concepts, budgeting, cost control, and financial planning, enabling HR practitioners to make informed decisions that enhance workforce productivity and organizational performance.

Designed for both beginners and professionals, the course strengthens the ability to align financial strategies with HR goals and contribute strategically to organizational success.

Aim

To develop the ability to manage financial resources effectively and optimize workforce performance through sound financial decision-making.By the end of the course, you should be able to:
i. Understand key financial concepts relevant to HR.
ii. Manage HR budgets and control costs effectively.
iii. Contribute to organizational financial planning and analysis.
iv. Align financial strategies with HR objectives.
v. Make informed financial decisions that enhance productivity.
vi. Analyze financial data to support strategic HR initiatives.

Finance For Human Resource Managers Syllabus

Syllabus For CIPM Intermediate I Level
	Level	Intermediate I
	Course Name	FINANCE FOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGERS
	Abbreviation	FHRM
	TOPIC	BREAKDOWN
1	BUDGETS, PROJECTION, PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL	i. Introduction ii.Meaning/Definition of budget and budgeting iii. Forecasts and budget iv. Significance/Importance/Objectives of budgets v. Advantages/Benefits of budgets and budgeting vi.Disadvantages/Limitations of budgets and budgeting vi. The budget process vii. Preparation and monitoring of various types of budgets (Fixed, Flexible, Functional, Cash and Master budgets) viii. Budgeting techniques (Zero based, Ruling/Continuous, Incremental, Performance based, Activity based, Planning Programming based budgets) ix. Budgetary control x. Significance/Importance/Objectives of budgetary control xi. Advantages/Benefits of budgetary control xii. Disadvantages/Limitations of budgetary control xiii. Types of budget control ratios (Capacity, Activity, Efficiency, Calendar, Idle time ratios) xiv. Pre-requisites/Preliminaries for the adoption of a system of budgetary control xv. Installation of a good system of budgetary system (Organization, Chart, Budget centre, Budget manual, Budget controller, Budget officier, Budget committee, Budget period, Budget key factor, Budget reports) xvi. Chapter summary xvi. Practical illustrations xvii. Practice questions
2	STANDARD COSTING AND VARIANCE ANALYSIS	i. Introduction to standard costing ii. Meaning/Definition of standard costing iii. Significance of standard costing iv. Advantages/Benefits of standard costing v. Disadvantages/Limitations of standard costing vi. Application of standard costing vii. Standards and its various types (Basic, Ideal, Current, Expected and Normal) viii. Standard costing systems ix. Installation of good standard costing system x. Functions of standard costing system xi. Features of standard costing system xii. Components/Elements/Classes of standard costing (Direct material, Direct labour, Variable overheads and Fixed overheads) xiii. Variance analysis xiv. Significane/Importance of variance analysis xv. Varaince pyramid/Chart xvi. Analysis of direct material, Direct labour, Variable overheads and Fixed overheads variance) xvii. Advanced various analysis (Mix and yields variance) xviii. Sales and operational variances xix. Accounting treatment of variances xx. Benchmarking for setting of standards xxi. Variance imparting to management xxii. Chapter summary xxiii. Practice questions
3	COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS (BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS)	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of the cost-volume-profit analysis/Break Even analysis iii. Objectives of CVP analysis iv. Uses/Significance of the C-V-P analysis v. Advantages/Benefits of C-V-P analysis vi. Disadvantages/Limitations of C-V-P Analysis vii. Assumptions of the C-V-P analysis viii. The concept of contribution as it relates it’s C-V-P analysis ix. Marginal cost equations x. Contribution margin ratio and its significance xi. Margin of safety xii. Methods of C-V-P analysis (Graphical, Tabular and Algebraic methods) xiii. Multi-Product C-V-P analysis xiv. Applications of the C-V-P analysis in HR decisions xv. Case studies xvi. Practice questions
4	TAXATION, TAX ADMINISTRATION, AND PROCEDURES	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of taxation iii. Objectives, principles and classification of tax iv. Basic concepts in taxation (Tax base,Tax yield, Tax incidence, Tax burden, Tax impact, Tax shift and Tax effect) v. Tax administration in Nigeria (Joint tax board (JTR), Federal Inland Revenue Service Board (FIRSB), State Board of Internal Revenue (SBIR), Joint State Revenue Committee (JSRC), Local Government Revenue Commitee (LGRC), Technical Committe of the Boards and Tax Appeal Tribunal (TAT). vi. Roles and challenges of tax administration system in Nigeria vii. Taxation of employment income (Taxable persons, Taxable income, Basis of assessment, the PAYE system, Benefits in kind) vii. Computation/Determination of Gross Income, Consolidated Relief Allowance (CRA), Chargeable Income viii. Computation/Determination of the Personal Income Tax Payable and the Міnimum Income Таx Payable) ix. Computation/Determination of other specific terms such as (Investment income tax, Withholding tax, Value added tax, Company income tax, Tertiary Education Tax, Capital Gains Tax, Taxation of Partners in Partnership, Trusts, Settlements and Estates) x. The Finance Act, 2019 xi. Case studies xii. Practice questions
5	PAYROLL MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTATION	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of payroll and payroll management iii. Significance/importance of payroll management iv. Advantages/Benefits of payroll management v. Limitations/Challenges of payroll management vi. Payroll management process vii. Methods of payroll management viii. Payroll management system ix. Pre-requisites of a good payroll management system x. Types of payroll management systems xi. Best practice in payroll management xii. Payroll components and computations xiii. Payroll applications xiv. Case studies xv. Practice questions
6	MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RISK	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial risk iii. Nature and scope of financial risk iv. Fundamentals of financial risk v. Categories/Types of financial risk (Market, Credit and Financing/Liquidity risks) vi. Justification for management of financial risk vii. Kick management framework viii. The risk management process/cycle ix. Risk strategies and tools x. Quantifying financial risks xi. Tools and techniques to miligate risks xii. Chapter summary xiii. Practical illustrations xiv. Practice questions
7	FINANCIAL PLANNING AND REENGINEERING FOR EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial planning and reengineering iii. Nature/Scope of financial planning and reengineering iv. Justifications for financal planning and reengineering v. Merits/Benefits of financial planning and reengineering vi. Demerits/Limitations of financial planning and reengineering vii. Challenges of financial planning and reengineering viii. The financial planning and reengineering process ix. Financial forecasting and modelling x. Financial planning for sustainable growth of Human Resource xi. Sustainable growths models xii. Computations in financial planning and reengineering xiii. Case study xiv. Practice questions
8	ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of electronic payment system iii. Difference between electronic payment and conventional payment systems iv. Advantages/Benefits of electronic payment system v. Economic benefits of electronic payment system in Nigeria vi. Disdvantages/Limitations of electronic payment system vii. Challenges/Concerns of electronic payment system viii. Factors to be considered in the choice of electronic payment system ix. Types of electronic payment systern x. Methods/Modes of electronic payment system in Nigeria (Credit/Debit card, Electronic cheques, Cryptocurrency, Digital-Cash, E-Wallet, Anonymous transactions, Micropayments/Hyperlinks, Smartcards, Mandex etc) xi. Risks in electronic payment system xii. Bi-electronic payment gateways xiii. Types of electonic payment gateways xiv. Application of electronic payment system to HR functions xv. Evaluation of E-payment in Nigeria xvi. Chapter summary xvii. Practical illustrations xviii. Practice questions
	PART B
1	FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT : AN OVERVIEW	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial management iii. Element and scope of financial management iv. Objectives of financial management (Profit maximization with arguments for and against, Wealth maximization with arguments for and against) v. Functions/Roles of financial managers vi. Importance of financial management vii. Case study viii. Practice questions
2	FINANCIAL NEEDS ANALYSIS	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial needs analysis iii. Objectives of financial needs analysis iv. Analysis components of financial needs v. Advantages/Benefits of financial needs analysis vi. Disadvantages/Limitations of financial needs analysis vii. Challenges of financial needs analysis viii. Steps involved in financial needs analysis and assessment ix. Chapter summary x. Practical illustrations xi. Practice questions
3	SOURCES OF FINANCE	i. Introduction ii. Meaning and significance of sources of finance iii. Classification of sources of finance: (Time Period: Short, Medium, and Long Term) (Ownership: Equity/Owners Funds and Debt/Borrowed funds) iv. Sources of generation: Internal and External v. Issue of shares and securities vi. Methods of raising additional equity shares vii. Financial markets viii. Evaluation of the efficiency of the Nigerian financial markets ix. Case study x. Practice questions
4	FINANCIAL RATIOS AND ANALYSIS	i. Introduction ii. Meaning and definition of financial statements iii. Components of Financial Statements (Income Statement, Statement of Financial Position, Statement of Changes in Equity Statement of Cashflow) iv. Meaning and definition of financial statement analysis v. Types of financial statement analysis vi. Techniques of financial statement analysis (Comparative statement analysis (lncome statement and Financial Position), Trend analysis, Common-size analysis and Cash-flow Statement analysis) vii. Financial ratio analysis (Profitability/Performance, Liquidity, Activity/Short Term Solvency, Long Term Solvency Leverage/Gearing, and Investment/Financing Ratios) viii. Importance of financial ratio analysis ix. Limitations of financial ratio analysis x. Case study xi. Practice questions
5	CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISON	i. Meaning and definitions of capital budgeting ii. Need/Importance/Objectives of capital budgeting iii. Features of capital bulgeting decisions iv. Classification and types of capital budgetting decisions v. Methods of capital budgeting decision (Traditional/Non-Discourted Cashflow Methods and Modem/Discounted Cashflow method) vi. Risk and uncertainly in capital budgeting decision-(Risk Adjusted Discount Rate, Certainly Equivalent Method, Sensitivity technique. Probability technique, Expected Value, Variance, Standard deviation, Co-efficient of Variation Method, Decision Tree Analysis, Triple Assessment ) vii. Practice questions
6	WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT	i. Meaning/Definition of working capital and working capital management ii. Dynamics of working capital iii. Importance of working capital iv. Sources of working capital v. Concept of working capital vi. Gross working capital, net working capital, Component of working capital) vii. Types of working capital (Permanent working capital, Temporary working capital, Semi-variable working capital) viii. Working capital position/Balanced working capital position ix. Factors determining working capital requirements x. Computation (or Estimation) of working capital xi. Determining the finance mix (Hedging approach, Conservative approach, and Aggressive approach) xii. Working capital management policy xiii. Importance of working capital management xiv. Types of working capital management xv. Tools of working capital management (Inventory management, Cash management, Liquidity management, Receivable management) xvi. Concepts of overcapitalization and undercapitalization xvii. Case study xviii. Practice questions
7	CAPITAL STRUCTURE	i. Meaning/Definition of capital stucture ii. Objectives and importance of capital structure iii. Forms/Types of capital structure iv. Features, elements, and determinants of capital structure v. Factors determining capital structure (Leverage, Cost of capital) vi. Capital structure theories (Traditional approach, Net Income (NI) approach, Net Operating Income (NOI) Approach, Modigliani, and Miller approach) vii. Formular and computations in capital structure viii. Case study ix. Practice questions
8	DIVIDEND POLICY	i. Meaning of dividend ii. Significance of dividend to investors iii. Types of dividends (Cash dividend, Stock dividend, Bond dividend, Property dividend) iv. Concept of dividend payout ratio and retention ratio v. Dividend decision/policy vi. Theories of dividend policy (Dividend irrelevance approach, Modigliani and Miller’s Approach, Dividend vii. Relevance approach-Walter’s Maclel, Gordan’s Modell viii. Types of dividend policies (Regular, Stable, irregular, Nil dividend policy) ix. Factors determining dividend policy (Profitable position of the firm, Uncertainty of future incomes, Legal constrains, Liquidity position, Sources of finance, Growth rate of the firm, Tax policy, Capital market conditions) x. Determination and implications of dividend policy xi. Computation of dividends xii. Case study xiii. Practice questions
9	CAPITAL AND FINANCE MARKETS	i. Meaning/Definition of capital and financial market ii. Features/Charateristics of efficient functioning financial markets iii. Importance or functions of financial markets iv. Structure/Components of financial and capital markets v. Participants in financial and capital markets vi. Distinction between financial markets vii. Products of capital and financial market viii. Money market instruments and features ix. Capital market instruments and features x. The reforms undertaken in the Nigerian money and capital markets xi. Case study xii. Practice questions
10	THE NATURE AND RISKS OF FINANCE	i. Meaning and definition of risk in Finance ii. Risk financing iii. Capacity/ability to finance risk iv. Use of capital funds v. Types of risks in Finance vi. Measurement and management of risk in Finance vii. Case study viii. Practice questions
11	PUBLIC FINANCE	i. Meaning/Definition of public finance ii. Scope of public finance iii. Significance/Importance of public finance iv. Concepts in Public Finance v. Public Finance and Private Finance vi. Economic rationale of a modern state vii. Components of Public Finance viii. Origin and development of Public Finance ix. Principies of Public Finance x. Allocation of resources in Public Finance xi. Rational and function of government intervention in Public Finance xii. Different acts/machinery and body for Public Finance xiii. Different acts and body for Public Finance xiv. Calculation in Public Finance xv. Case study xvi. Practice questions
12	INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INSTRUMENTS	i. Meaning/Definition international trade and instruments ii. Nature and scope of international trade iii. Roles of international trade iv. Historical development of international trade v. Basic concepts and reasons for international trade vi. Comparison between international trade and international business vii. Prevailing problems of international trade viii. Various forms of international trade ix. International capital flow x. Facilities for export financing market xi. Trade terms and documentation xii. Payment terms and system

Course 4: Business Statistics and Social Research Methods.

Syllabus For CIPM Intermediate I Level
	Level	Intermediate I
	Course Name	FINANCE FOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGERS
	Abbreviation	FHRM
	TOPIC	BREAKDOWN
1	BUDGETS, PROJECTION, PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL	i. Introduction ii.Meaning/Definition of budget and budgeting iii. Forecasts and budget iv. Significance/Importance/Objectives of budgets v. Advantages/Benefits of budgets and budgeting vi.Disadvantages/Limitations of budgets and budgeting vi. The budget process vii. Preparation and monitoring of various types of budgets (Fixed, Flexible, Functional, Cash and Master budgets) viii. Budgeting techniques (Zero based, Ruling/Continuous, Incremental, Performance based, Activity based, Planning Programming based budgets) ix. Budgetary control x. Significance/Importance/Objectives of budgetary control xi. Advantages/Benefits of budgetary control xii. Disadvantages/Limitations of budgetary control xiii. Types of budget control ratios (Capacity, Activity, Efficiency, Calendar, Idle time ratios) xiv. Pre-requisites/Preliminaries for the adoption of a system of budgetary control xv. Installation of a good system of budgetary system (Organization, Chart, Budget centre, Budget manual, Budget controller, Budget officier, Budget committee, Budget period, Budget key factor, Budget reports) xvi. Chapter summary xvi. Practical illustrations xvii. Practice questions
2	STANDARD COSTING AND VARIANCE ANALYSIS	i. Introduction to standard costing ii. Meaning/Definition of standard costing iii. Significance of standard costing iv. Advantages/Benefits of standard costing v. Disadvantages/Limitations of standard costing vi. Application of standard costing vii. Standards and its various types (Basic, Ideal, Current, Expected and Normal) viii. Standard costing systems ix. Installation of good standard costing system x. Functions of standard costing system xi. Features of standard costing system xii. Components/Elements/Classes of standard costing (Direct material, Direct labour, Variable overheads and Fixed overheads) xiii. Variance analysis xiv. Significane/Importance of variance analysis xv. Varaince pyramid/Chart xvi. Analysis of direct material, Direct labour, Variable overheads and Fixed overheads variance) xvii. Advanced various analysis (Mix and yields variance) xviii. Sales and operational variances xix. Accounting treatment of variances xx. Benchmarking for setting of standards xxi. Variance imparting to management xxii. Chapter summary xxiii. Practice questions
3	COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS (BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS)	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of the cost-volume-profit analysis/Break Even analysis iii. Objectives of CVP analysis iv. Uses/Significance of the C-V-P analysis v. Advantages/Benefits of C-V-P analysis vi. Disadvantages/Limitations of C-V-P Analysis vii. Assumptions of the C-V-P analysis viii. The concept of contribution as it relates it’s C-V-P analysis ix. Marginal cost equations x. Contribution margin ratio and its significance xi. Margin of safety xii. Methods of C-V-P analysis (Graphical, Tabular and Algebraic methods) xiii. Multi-Product C-V-P analysis xiv. Applications of the C-V-P analysis in HR decisions xv. Case studies xvi. Practice questions
4	TAXATION, TAX ADMINISTRATION, AND PROCEDURES	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of taxation iii. Objectives, principles and classification of tax iv. Basic concepts in taxation (Tax base,Tax yield, Tax incidence, Tax burden, Tax impact, Tax shift and Tax effect) v. Tax administration in Nigeria (Joint tax board (JTR), Federal Inland Revenue Service Board (FIRSB), State Board of Internal Revenue (SBIR), Joint State Revenue Committee (JSRC), Local Government Revenue Commitee (LGRC), Technical Committe of the Boards and Tax Appeal Tribunal (TAT). vi. Roles and challenges of tax administration system in Nigeria vii. Taxation of employment income (Taxable persons, Taxable income, Basis of assessment, the PAYE system, Benefits in kind) vii. Computation/Determination of Gross Income, Consolidated Relief Allowance (CRA), Chargeable Income viii. Computation/Determination of the Personal Income Tax Payable and the Міnimum Income Таx Payable) ix. Computation/Determination of other specific terms such as (Investment income tax, Withholding tax, Value added tax, Company income tax, Tertiary Education Tax, Capital Gains Tax, Taxation of Partners in Partnership, Trusts, Settlements and Estates) x. The Finance Act, 2019 xi. Case studies xii. Practice questions
5	PAYROLL MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTATION	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of payroll and payroll management iii. Significance/importance of payroll management iv. Advantages/Benefits of payroll management v. Limitations/Challenges of payroll management vi. Payroll management process vii. Methods of payroll management viii. Payroll management system ix. Pre-requisites of a good payroll management system x. Types of payroll management systems xi. Best practice in payroll management xii. Payroll components and computations xiii. Payroll applications xiv. Case studies xv. Practice questions
6	MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RISK	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial risk iii. Nature and scope of financial risk iv. Fundamentals of financial risk v. Categories/Types of financial risk (Market, Credit and Financing/Liquidity risks) vi. Justification for management of financial risk vii. Kick management framework viii. The risk management process/cycle ix. Risk strategies and tools x. Quantifying financial risks xi. Tools and techniques to miligate risks xii. Chapter summary xiii. Practical illustrations xiv. Practice questions
7	FINANCIAL PLANNING AND REENGINEERING FOR EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial planning and reengineering iii. Nature/Scope of financial planning and reengineering iv. Justifications for financal planning and reengineering v. Merits/Benefits of financial planning and reengineering vi. Demerits/Limitations of financial planning and reengineering vii. Challenges of financial planning and reengineering viii. The financial planning and reengineering process ix. Financial forecasting and modelling x. Financial planning for sustainable growth of Human Resource xi. Sustainable growths models xii. Computations in financial planning and reengineering xiii. Case study xiv. Practice questions
8	ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of electronic payment system iii. Difference between electronic payment and conventional payment systems iv. Advantages/Benefits of electronic payment system v. Economic benefits of electronic payment system in Nigeria vi. Disdvantages/Limitations of electronic payment system vii. Challenges/Concerns of electronic payment system viii. Factors to be considered in the choice of electronic payment system ix. Types of electronic payment systern x. Methods/Modes of electronic payment system in Nigeria (Credit/Debit card, Electronic cheques, Cryptocurrency, Digital-Cash, E-Wallet, Anonymous transactions, Micropayments/Hyperlinks, Smartcards, Mandex etc) xi. Risks in electronic payment system xii. Bi-electronic payment gateways xiii. Types of electonic payment gateways xiv. Application of electronic payment system to HR functions xv. Evaluation of E-payment in Nigeria xvi. Chapter summary xvii. Practical illustrations xviii. Practice questions
	PART B
1	FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT : AN OVERVIEW	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial management iii. Element and scope of financial management iv. Objectives of financial management (Profit maximization with arguments for and against, Wealth maximization with arguments for and against) v. Functions/Roles of financial managers vi. Importance of financial management vii. Case study viii. Practice questions
2	FINANCIAL NEEDS ANALYSIS	i. Introduction ii. Meaning/Definition of financial needs analysis iii. Objectives of financial needs analysis iv. Analysis components of financial needs v. Advantages/Benefits of financial needs analysis vi. Disadvantages/Limitations of financial needs analysis vii. Challenges of financial needs analysis viii. Steps involved in financial needs analysis and assessment ix. Chapter summary x. Practical illustrations xi. Practice questions
3	SOURCES OF FINANCE	i. Introduction ii. Meaning and significance of sources of finance iii. Classification of sources of finance: (Time Period: Short, Medium, and Long Term) (Ownership: Equity/Owners Funds and Debt/Borrowed funds) iv. Sources of generation: Internal and External v. Issue of shares and securities vi. Methods of raising additional equity shares vii. Financial markets viii. Evaluation of the efficiency of the Nigerian financial markets ix. Case study x. Practice questions
4	FINANCIAL RATIOS AND ANALYSIS	i. Introduction ii. Meaning and definition of financial statements iii. Components of Financial Statements (Income Statement, Statement of Financial Position, Statement of Changes in Equity Statement of Cashflow) iv. Meaning and definition of financial statement analysis v. Types of financial statement analysis vi. Techniques of financial statement analysis (Comparative statement analysis (lncome statement and Financial Position), Trend analysis, Common-size analysis and Cash-flow Statement analysis) vii. Financial ratio analysis (Profitability/Performance, Liquidity, Activity/Short Term Solvency, Long Term Solvency Leverage/Gearing, and Investment/Financing Ratios) viii. Importance of financial ratio analysis ix. Limitations of financial ratio analysis x. Case study xi. Practice questions
5	CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISON	i. Meaning and definitions of capital budgeting ii. Need/Importance/Objectives of capital budgeting iii. Features of capital bulgeting decisions iv. Classification and types of capital budgetting decisions v. Methods of capital budgeting decision (Traditional/Non-Discourted Cashflow Methods and Modem/Discounted Cashflow method) vi. Risk and uncertainly in capital budgeting decision-(Risk Adjusted Discount Rate, Certainly Equivalent Method, Sensitivity technique. Probability technique, Expected Value, Variance, Standard deviation, Co-efficient of Variation Method, Decision Tree Analysis, Triple Assessment ) vii. Practice questions
6	WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT	i. Meaning/Definition of working capital and working capital management ii. Dynamics of working capital iii. Importance of working capital iv. Sources of working capital v. Concept of working capital vi. Gross working capital, net working capital, Component of working capital) vii. Types of working capital (Permanent working capital, Temporary working capital, Semi-variable working capital) viii. Working capital position/Balanced working capital position ix. Factors determining working capital requirements x. Computation (or Estimation) of working capital xi. Determining the finance mix (Hedging approach, Conservative approach, and Aggressive approach) xii. Working capital management policy xiii. Importance of working capital management xiv. Types of working capital management xv. Tools of working capital management (Inventory management, Cash management, Liquidity management, Receivable management) xvi. Concepts of overcapitalization and undercapitalization xvii. Case study xviii. Practice questions
7	CAPITAL STRUCTURE	i. Meaning/Definition of capital stucture ii. Objectives and importance of capital structure iii. Forms/Types of capital structure iv. Features, elements, and determinants of capital structure v. Factors determining capital structure (Leverage, Cost of capital) vi. Capital structure theories (Traditional approach, Net Income (NI) approach, Net Operating Income (NOI) Approach, Modigliani, and Miller approach) vii. Formular and computations in capital structure viii. Case study ix. Practice questions
8	DIVIDEND POLICY	i. Meaning of dividend ii. Significance of dividend to investors iii. Types of dividends (Cash dividend, Stock dividend, Bond dividend, Property dividend) iv. Concept of dividend payout ratio and retention ratio v. Dividend decision/policy vi. Theories of dividend policy (Dividend irrelevance approach, Modigliani and Miller’s Approach, Dividend vii. Relevance approach-Walter’s Maclel, Gordan’s Modell viii. Types of dividend policies (Regular, Stable, irregular, Nil dividend policy) ix. Factors determining dividend policy (Profitable position of the firm, Uncertainty of future incomes, Legal constrains, Liquidity position, Sources of finance, Growth rate of the firm, Tax policy, Capital market conditions) x. Determination and implications of dividend policy xi. Computation of dividends xii. Case study xiii. Practice questions
9	CAPITAL AND FINANCE MARKETS	i. Meaning/Definition of capital and financial market ii. Features/Charateristics of efficient functioning financial markets iii. Importance or functions of financial markets iv. Structure/Components of financial and capital markets v. Participants in financial and capital markets vi. Distinction between financial markets vii. Products of capital and financial market viii. Money market instruments and features ix. Capital market instruments and features x. The reforms undertaken in the Nigerian money and capital markets xi. Case study xii. Practice questions
10	THE NATURE AND RISKS OF FINANCE	i. Meaning and definition of risk in Finance ii. Risk financing iii. Capacity/ability to finance risk iv. Use of capital funds v. Types of risks in Finance vi. Measurement and management of risk in Finance vii. Case study viii. Practice questions
11	PUBLIC FINANCE	i. Meaning/Definition of public finance ii. Scope of public finance iii. Significance/Importance of public finance iv. Concepts in Public Finance v. Public Finance and Private Finance vi. Economic rationale of a modern state vii. Components of Public Finance viii. Origin and development of Public Finance ix. Principies of Public Finance x. Allocation of resources in Public Finance xi. Rational and function of government intervention in Public Finance xii. Different acts/machinery and body for Public Finance xiii. Different acts and body for Public Finance xiv. Calculation in Public Finance xv. Case study xvi. Practice questions
12	INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INSTRUMENTS	i. Meaning/Definition international trade and instruments ii. Nature and scope of international trade iii. Roles of international trade iv. Historical development of international trade v. Basic concepts and reasons for international trade vi. Comparison between international trade and international business vii. Prevailing problems of international trade viii. Various forms of international trade ix. International capital flow x. Facilities for export financing market xi. Trade terms and documentation xii. Payment terms and system

Course 4: Business Statistics and Social Research Methods

Course 4: Business Statistics and Social Research Methods is a comprehensive study area, often found in professional certification (e.g., CIPM) or undergraduate/postgraduate management programs, designed to equip individuals with the skills to analyze, interpret, and apply data for decision-making.

This course typically blends quantitative analysis (statistics) with research methodologies, covering both the mathematical techniques needed for business forecasting and the structured approaches required for social science research.

Syllabus For CIPM Intermediate I Level
	Level	Intermediate I
	Course Name	BUSINESS STATISTICS AND SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS
	Abbreviation	BSSR
	TOPIC	BREAKDOWN
	PART A: BUSINESS STATISTICS
1	THE GENERAL NATURE OF BUSINESS STATISTICS	i. Nature of business statistics ii. Uses and importance of statistics in Human Resource management
2	STATISTICAL DATA	i. Types of statistical data ii. Sources of statistical data iii. Methods of data collection iv. Sampling and Sampling techniques
3	CLASSIFICATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA	i. Pictograms and charts ii. Frequency/distribution tables iii. Graphical representation of data
4	MEASURES OF LOCATION	i. Mean ii. Median iii. Mode iv. Other fracticles
5	MEASURES OF VARIABILITY	i. Range and semi-interquartile range ii. Mean absolute deviation iii. Variance and standard deviation v. Coefficient of variation vi. Skewness and kurtosis
6	PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY RULES	i. Permutation and combination ii. Classical and sample space approach iii. Probability rules
7	PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS	i. Bernoulli and binomial distributions ii. Poisson distribution iii. Normal distribution
8	REGRESSION AND CORRELATION	i. Definition and uses of regression ii. Fitting the regression line iii. Correlation
9	SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATION	i. Sample mean and proportion ii. Difference between two population means and proportions iii. Estimation iv. Confidence interval for true population mean and proportion v. Confidence interval for the difference between two population means and proportions
10	TEST OF HYPOTHESIS	i. One sample test for mean and proportion ii. Two sample test for mean and proportion iii. Analysis of variance iv. Contingency tables v. Goodness of Fit
11	LABOUR TURNOVER	i. Meaning and importance of labour turnover ii. Calculation of labour turnover iii. Construction of index numbers
	PART B: SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS
1	INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL RESEARCH	i. The nature and importance of research ii. Types of research iii. Guidelines for selecting a researchable topic iv. Evaluating the research topic for scope, clarity and un-ambiguity
2	PLANNING THE RESEARCH	i. Writing the research proposal ii. Identifying the key research variables iii. Formulating the theoretical conceptual framework iv. Research design
3	LITERATURE REVIEW	i. Purpose of literature review ii. Scope of the literature review iii. Reading the literature and making notes
4	DATA GATHERING METHODS	i. Identifying the data gathering instrument ii. Advantages and disadvantages of the various data gathering instruments iii. Validity and reliability of data iv. Sampling and sampling techniques v. Designing statistical instruments
5	DATA ANALYTICS AND REPORT WRITING	i. Analysis and interpretation of research data ii. Presentation of research report iii. Organization of report writing iv. Documentation, footnotes and references
6	CONSTRAINTS IN CONDUCTING SOCIAL RESEARCH IN NIGERIA	i. Equipments ii. Collaboration iii. Research ethics iii. Research principles and approach

Communication Process, Management and Development

	Syllabus For CIPM Intermediate I Level
	Level	Intermediate I
	Course Name	COMMUNICATION PROCESS, MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
	Abbreviation	CPMD
	TOPIC	BREAKDOWN
1	GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION NEEDS FOR HR USAGE	i. Meaning and process of communication ii. Media of communication: Oral, Written, Electronic and Non-verbal iii. Importance of communication iv. Barriers to communication v. Factors to consider in choosing communication medium vi. Interpersonal and intrapersonalal communication vii. Patterns of communication (Networks)
2	ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND ENGAGEMENT PROCESS	i. Formal communication channel ii. Horizontol and vertical communication iii. Quasi and diagonal communication iv. Rumour and grapevine v. Informal channels vi. Advantages and disadvantages of each channel
3	LISTENING SKILLS	i. What it means to listen ii. Types of listening iii. Purposes of listening, barriers to listening, and how to enhance listening
4	READING SKILLS	i. Definition ii. Types of reading iii. Barriers to effective reading iv. Vocabulary development through reading v. Enhancing active reading
5	WRITING SKILLS	i. Essay writing ii. Proof-reading and editing iii. Writing speech
6	SPEAKING SKILLS	i. Verbal and non-verbal cues ii. Barriers to effective speaking. iii. Principles of effective speaking iv. Attitude and emotion in speech
	GRAMMAR AND USAGE	i. Common grammatical erros ii. Words commonly confused iii. Homonyms iv. Polysemy v. Tense and Sequence vi. Count and non-count nouns vii. Cord classes viii. Sentence structure ix. Use of punctuation marks x. Subject-Verb agreement
8	BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE	i. Formal business letters ii. Memo iii. Circular notice iv. Minutes agenda v. Writing business e-mails
9	TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING	i. Proposal writing ii. Report writing iii. Resume iv. Advert design for organisations v. Use of Bulletins, Newsletters and House Journals
10	CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION	i. Cultural intelligence ii. Effective communication in multi-cultural settings iii. Diversity and inclusion
11	USE OF MODERN COMMUNICATION TOOLS FOR VIRTUAL MEETINGS	i. Zoom ii. Ms Teams iii. Google Meets iv. Airmeets, etc v. Benefits and shortcomings of using these tools for Virtual meetings
12	COMMUNICATION THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS FOR HR INFLUENCE AND WORK ENGAGEMENT	i. Social media etiquette ii. Teamwork and building rapport through information-sharing
13	NATURE OF MANAGEMENT	i. Management Orientation ii. Principles, behaviour, process, activities, role; tasks and understanding the organizational process
14	CONFLICT MANAGEMENT	i. Conflict organization ii. Types and causes iii. How to handle conflicts and the role of communication
15	DEVELOPMENT	i. Meaning and concept of development within an organizational setting ii. Equipping employees for advancement iii. Training iv. Learning v. Succession, manning and leadershi

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